从这里开始加密货币交易如何获得确认：从发送到最终确定
图1. 一笔交易会经历几种不同的状态。“钱包已看到”“在某个内存池中”“已打包”“safe”和“已结算”并不是可以互换的说法。
加密货币如何运作
跟随一笔交易从钱包指令走向最终确认，再探索维持分布式账本一致性的密码学与共识系统。
从这里开始
2部分(https://vara.invalid)加密货币究竟是如何运作的？密钥、共识与交易
加密货币通过将加密授权与复制账本相结合来运作。钱包构建精确的交易，并由私钥、智能账户策略或签名定额对其进行授权。独立节点验证交易，区块生产者对有效交易进行排序，共识规则选出规范历史。被纳入区块即为首次确认；额外的工作量证明、验证者投票或检查点可降低重组织风险，直至收款方将付款视为已结算。
3部分(https://vara.invalid)How Do Blockchains Differ? Layer 1s, Layer 2s and the Multichain Map
The blockchain ecosystem is a collection of independent networks that each record transactions in a separate ledger under separate rules. They vary in how they reach agreement, whether they run programs, how often they add blocks, what they charge and how many operators would have to collude to corrupt or halt them.
4部分(https://vara.invalid)How Do Stablecoins Keep Their Peg?
A stablecoin peg holds a token near its reference price through routes to convert it at or near par. Approved customers redeem under issuer terms, any holder of an in-scope EU e-money token can by law, vault owners repay their own debt, and some contracts let any holder redeem or swap. A price off par invites a trade until the gap is below its cost.
5部分(https://vara.invalid)私钥与公钥详解
私钥是一种保密的签名材料，可用于授权区块链账户或支出策略下的操作。公钥是根据私钥通过数学推导得出的，它允许网络在不获知私钥的情况下验证签名。钱包地址是根据密钥、脚本、合约或程序规则推导出的、特定于网络的标识符。大多数用户分享的是地址，而非原始公钥。助记词通常是许多确定性密钥的备份输入，而非某个私钥的同义词。
6部分(https://vara.invalid)工作量证明与权益证明：区块链如何达成共识
工作量证明（PoW）和权益证明（PoS）主要是更大共识系统内部的抗西比尔攻击机制和区块提议机制。比特币将区块生成与计算工作量挂钩，并通过累计工作量最多的一条链来确定有效链。 以太坊将提案和投票权重与质押的 ETH 挂钩，采用 LMD-GHOST 分叉选择机制，并通过 Casper FFG 使检查点最终确定。工作量证明会持续消耗外部资源；权益证明会使资本面临处罚和减持风险，但并非每次攻击都会摧毁攻击者全部的权益。
7部分(https://vara.invalid)基于第一性原理的阈值密码学与多方计算
多方计算（MPC）是一个广泛的领域。阈值签名是MPC的一种应用，并非所有多方计算系统的同义词。 t-of-n 阈值签名通常需要至少 t/n 名参与者才能生成签名，其目标是在少于 t 次恶意攻击的情况下确保秘密安全。必须同时考虑可用性阈值和保密性阈值。 Shamir 秘密共享非常适合分割存储的秘密。单独使用时，它会在常规签名之前重建该秘密；而阈值签名则在份额保持分布式状态时执行签名计算。 当采用安全的分布式密钥生成协议从一开始就生成密钥份额时，完整的私钥根本无需存在。但在使用可信中间商、导入现有密钥或重建备份的系统中，完整的私钥可能存在。
8部分(https://vara.invalid)What Are dApps, and How Do You Use Them More Safely?
A dApp, or decentralised application, is an application whose core logic runs as smart contracts on a blockchain, reached through a front end such as a website, governed by whoever can change its contracts, often reliant on off-chain services and used through a wallet. The front end can only propose actions.
9部分(https://vara.invalid)What Are Gas and Network Fees, and Why Do They Change?
A network fee is the price a sender attaches to a blockchain transaction to have it included and executed, set by demand for the chain's limited block space; who receives it depends on the chain.
10部分(https://vara.invalid)What Is a Smart Contract?
A smart contract is a program that runs on a blockchain under that chain's rules, holds assets and transfers them when a transaction calls it and its coded conditions are met. Every validator executes the same code against the same data, so no operator approves each step.
11部分(https://vara.invalid)What Is DeFi? An Honest Introduction
DeFi (decentralised finance) is a category of financial applications that runs trading, lending and derivatives as smart contracts on public blockchains. Users keep custody of their assets until a contract's rules move them. Many public markets accept any address that meets those rules, while other contracts check an allowlist, a role or an identity credential first.
12部分(https://vara.invalid)What Is Staking, and What Are Its Risks?
Staking is a form of participation in a proof-of-stake network that commits the network's own coin behind a validator, directly or through an intermediary, so that the stake helps propose and confirm blocks. The protocol pays participating stake a share of issuance and unburned transaction fees, in that coin, at a rate its formulas set.
常问问题
我应该从哪里开始使用 加密货币如何运作？
加密货币交易如何获得确认：从发送到最终确定. 从第一个指南开始。它介绍了本学习路径中后续每个指南所使用的词汇。
我需要阅读此路径中的所有指南吗？
不需要。遵循结构化介绍的顺序，或者打开回答您当前问题的指南，并在不熟悉概念时返回到之前的材料。
完成这条道路后我应该读什么？
继续下面的相关集群之一。每条路径都从不同的角度接近相同的系统。
我应该如何使用 加密货币如何运作 学习集群？
跟随一笔交易从钱包指令走向最终确认，再探索维持分布式账本一致性的密码学与共识系统。 保持术语表与文章一起打开，并使用每个知识检查来识别值得重新审视的概念。
加密货币如何运作 中最大的风险出现在哪里？
密钥、签名、共识，以及分布式密钥管理背后的密码学。 该指南将协议行为与其周围的运营、市场、托管和人类风险分开。
相关集群
